Jacques1 What do you use to decide between sending the parameter into the statement via an array in the execute statement vs using bindParam() (Or bindValue() if you don't want a reference)? Is it creating the variable inside the code/script vs using input from a web form? Is one faster than the other, or one more secure from injection than the other? bindParam allows you to use PDO constants to specify Int,String, etc, but many times I have caught myself using the wrong one only to see no difference (example using PDO::PARAM_STR when I meant to use PDO::PARAM_INT due to copy/pasting). I think I also read that all parameters going through the execute array are strings, but not sure when that matters if true. If it's not too off topic, do you mind touching on that?