Strider64

I simply used define('BASE_PATH', realpath(__DIR__)); in a configuration file then on the page itself just use something like this at the top of page - <?php // Include the configuration file and autoload file from the composer. require_once __DIR__ . '/../config/config.php'; require_once "vendor/autoload.php"; If you plan to use $server_name later in your code to construct paths or URLs that involve the server. Then do this in the configuration file -> $server_name = filter_input(INPUT_SERVER, 'SERVER_NAME', FILTER_SANITIZE_URL) An example : <?php // Get the server name and sanitize it. $server_name = filter_input(INPUT_SERVER, 'SERVER_NAME', FILTER_SANITIZE_URL); // Construct the base URL using the server name. $base_url = "https://" . $server_name . "/"; // Construct the URL for loading the CSS file. $css_file_url = $base_url . "css/styles.css"; ?> <link rel="stylesheet" href="<?php echo $css_file_url; ?>">

All you need is the `username` and `password` to get the user's credentials and you really should just store the `id` or `username` in sessions as you can pull the other information of the user when you need it from the database table. and example of my login -> public function verify_credentials($username, $password): bool { $sql = "SELECT id, password FROM admins WHERE username =:username LIMIT 1"; $user = $this->retrieve_credentials($sql, $username); if ($user && password_verify($password, $user['password'])) { session_regenerate_id(); // prevent session fixation attacks $_SESSION['user_id'] = $user['id']; return true; } return false; } protected function retrieve_credentials(string $sql, string $username): ?array { $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare($sql); $stmt->execute(['username' => $username]); $result = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); return $result !== false ? $result : null; } It's a method part of a class that I wrote, but basically it's a function and could easily be written in procedural style. This is just an example.

I would suggest using Intervention Library as it makes handling images so much easier. I use the following for my own website -> <?php // Include the configuration file and autoload file from the composer. require_once __DIR__ . '/../config/clearwebconfig.php'; require_once "vendor/autoload.php"; use Intervention\Image\ImageManagerStatic as Image; // Import the ErrorHandler and Database classes from the clearwebconcepts namespace. use clearwebconcepts\{ ErrorHandler, Database, ImageContentManager, LoginRepository as Login }; $errorHandler = new ErrorHandler(); // Register the exception handler method set_exception_handler([$errorHandler, 'handleException']); $database = new Database(); $pdo = $database->createPDO(); $checkStatus = new Login($pdo); // To check for either 'member' or 'sysop' if ($checkStatus->check_security_level(['sysop'])) { // Grant access } else { // Access denied header('location: dashboard.php'); exit(); } function is_ajax_request(): bool { return isset($_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']) && $_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] === 'XMLHttpRequest'; } $save_result = false; if (($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST') && isset($_FILES['image'])) { $data = $_POST['cms']; $data['content'] = trim($data['content']); $errors = array(); $exif_data = []; $file_name = $_FILES['image']['name']; // Temporary file: $file_size = $_FILES['image']['size']; $file_tmp = $_FILES['image']['tmp_name']; $thumb_tmp = $_FILES['image']['tmp_name']; $file_type = $_FILES['image']['type']; $file_ext = strtolower(pathinfo($_FILES['image']['name'], PATHINFO_EXTENSION)); /* * Set EXIF data info of image for database table that is * if it contains the info otherwise set to null. */ if ($file_ext === 'jpeg' || $file_ext === 'jpg') { $exif_data = exif_read_data($file_tmp); if (array_key_exists('Make', $exif_data) && array_key_exists('Model', $exif_data)) { $data['Model'] = $exif_data['Make'] . ' ' . $exif_data['Model']; } if (array_key_exists('ExposureTime', $exif_data)) { $data['ExposureTime'] = $exif_data['ExposureTime'] . "s"; } if (array_key_exists('ApertureFNumber', $exif_data['COMPUTED'])) { $data['Aperture'] = $exif_data['COMPUTED']['ApertureFNumber']; } if (array_key_exists('ISOSpeedRatings', $exif_data)) { $data['ISO'] = "ISO " . $exif_data['ISOSpeedRatings']; } if (array_key_exists('FocalLengthIn35mmFilm', $exif_data)) { $data['FocalLength'] = $exif_data['FocalLengthIn35mmFilm'] . "mm"; } } else { $data['Model'] = null; $data['ExposureTime'] = null; $data['Aperture'] = null; $data['ISO'] = null; $data['FocalLength'] = null; } $data['content'] = trim($data['content']); $extensions = array("jpeg", "jpg", "png"); if (in_array($file_ext, $extensions, true) === false) { $errors[] = "extension not allowed, please choose a JPEG or PNG file."; } if ($file_size >= 58720256) { $errors[] = 'File size must be less than or equal to 42 MB'; } /* * Create unique name for image. */ $image_random_string = bin2hex(random_bytes(16)); $image_path = 'assets/image_path/img-entry-' . $image_random_string . '-2048x1365' . '.' . $file_ext; $thumb_path = 'assets/thumb_path/thumb-entry-' . $image_random_string . '-600x400' . '.' . $file_ext; move_uploaded_file($file_tmp, $image_path); move_uploaded_file($thumb_tmp, $thumb_path); // Load the image $image = Image::make($image_path); // Resize the image $image->resize(2048, 1365, function ($constraint) { $constraint->aspectRatio(); $constraint->upsize(); }); // Save the new image $image->save($image_path, 100); // Load the image with Intervention Image $image = Image::make($image_path); // Resize the image while maintaining the aspect ratio $image->resize(600, 400, function ($constraint) { $constraint->aspectRatio(); $constraint->upsize(); }); // Save the thumbnail $image->save($thumb_path, 100); $data['image_path'] = $image_path; $data['thumb_path'] = $thumb_path; /* * If no errors save ALL the information to the * database table. */ if (empty($errors) === true) { // Save to Database Table CMS $timezone = new DateTimeZone('America/Detroit'); // Use your timezone here $today = new DateTime('now', $timezone); $data['date_updated'] = $data['date_added'] = $today->format("Y-m-d H:i:s"); $cms = new ImageContentManager($pdo, $data); $result = $cms->create(); if ($result) { header('Content-Type: application/json'); echo json_encode(['status' => 'success']); exit(); } } else { if (is_ajax_request()) { // Send a JSON response with errors for AJAX requests header('Content-Type: application/json'); echo json_encode(['status' => 'error', 'errors' => $errors]); } } } I log my errors to a log file that I can only see and a person needs to be login to my website even to upload a file. Maybe the above can you help you out a little. Just remember nothing is full proof, but you should make the code as tight as possible.

If you are trying to enter data, but you don't know exactly how many fields (columns) you are going to be saving to the table then you could do something like the following. Though would still need the correct table's column names and the corresponding data that goes with it. Here's an example -> function create(array $data, $pdo, $table) { try { /* Initialize an array */ $attribute_pairs = []; /* * Set up the query using prepared states with the values of the array matching * the corresponding keys in the array * and the array keys being the prepared named placeholders. */ $sql = 'INSERT INTO ' . $table . ' (' . implode(", ", array_keys($data)) . ')'; $sql .= ' VALUES ( :' . implode(', :', array_keys($data)) . ')'; /* * Prepare the Database Table: */ $stmt = $pdo->prepare($sql); /* * Grab the corresponding values in order to * insert them into the table when the script * is executed. */ foreach ($data as $key => $value) { if($key === 'id') { continue; } // Don't include the id: $attribute_pairs[] = $value; // Assign it to an array: } return $stmt->execute($attribute_pairs); // Execute and send boolean true: } catch (PDOException $e) { if ($e->errorInfo[1] === 1062) { return false; } throw $e; } catch (Exception $e) { echo 'Caught exception: ', $e->getMessage(), "\n"; // Not for a production server: } return true; }

Here's a countdown clock that I did years ago, but I recently updated it a couple of months ago. countdown.js file "use strict"; /** * Calculates the time remaining until a specified end time. * @param {string} endtime - The end time in a format parseable by Date.parse. * @returns {object} An object containing the total milliseconds and the breakdown in days, hours, minutes, and seconds. */ const getTimeRemaining = (endtime) => { const total = Date.parse(endtime) - Date.now(); // Calculate the difference in milliseconds from now to the end time return { total, days: Math.floor(total / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)), // Convert milliseconds to days hours: Math.floor((total / (1000 * 60 * 60)) % 24), // Convert milliseconds to hours, modulo 24 minutes: Math.floor((total / 1000 / 60) % 60), // Convert milliseconds to minutes, modulo 60 seconds: Math.floor((total / 1000) % 60) // Convert milliseconds to seconds, modulo 60 }; }; /** * Initializes a countdown clock on the webpage. * @param {string} id - The ID suffix of the countdown clock container. * @param {Date} endtime - The countdown end time. */ const initializeClock = (id, endtime) => { const clock = document.getElementById(`display_clock${id}`); // Access the clock element by ID if (!clock) { console.error(`Clock with id 'display_clock${id}' not found.`); return; // Exit if no element is found } // Map each time unit to its corresponding DOM element within the clock container const fields = ['days', 'hours', 'minutes', 'seconds'].map(field => clock.querySelector(`.${field}`) ); if (fields.some(element => element === null)) { // Check if any elements are missing console.error('One or more clock elements not found:', fields); return; // Exit if missing elements are found } // Updates the countdown clock display every second const updateClock = () => { const { total, days, hours, minutes, seconds } = getTimeRemaining(endtime); // Update each field in the DOM with the new time [days, hours, minutes, seconds].forEach((val, i) => { fields[i].textContent = String(val).padStart(2, '0'); // Format with leading zeros }); if (total <= 0) { clock.textContent = "Contest Finished, entry time expired"; clearInterval(timeInterval); // Stop the timer if the countdown is complete } }; updateClock(); const timeInterval = setInterval(updateClock, 1000); // Set the timer to update every second }; /** * Fetches the countdown data and initializes the clock using that data. */ const fetchRoutine = () => { fetch('data.json') // Fetch the countdown data from a local JSON file .then(response => response.json()) .then(data => { document.getElementById("countdown_date").textContent = data.date_format; // Set the formatted date document.getElementById("display_title").textContent = data.title; // Set the event title initializeClock(1, new Date(Date.parse(data.time_left))); // Initialize the clock with the fetched data }) .catch(error => { console.error('Fetch error:', error); // Log any errors during fetch }); }; // Ensure all DOM content is loaded before executing the fetch routine. document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', fetchRoutine); it pulls in data from data.json file { "time_left": "2024-08-27T11:59:59-04:00", "date_format": "Tuesday - August 28, 2024", "title": "Countdown to " } here is the HTML file: <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Countdown Clock</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="reset.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="countdown.css"> </head> <body> <div class="info"> <h1 id="display_title"></h1> <h2 id="countdown_date"></h2> </div> <div id="display_clock1"> <figure class="box"> <div class="days"></div> <figcaption>Days</figcaption> </figure> <figure class="box"> <div class="hours"></div> <figcaption>Hours</figcaption> </figure> <figure class="box"> <div class="minutes"></div> <figcaption>Minutes</figcaption> </figure> <figure class="box"> <div class="seconds"></div> <figcaption>Seconds</figcaption> </figure> </div> <script src="countdown.js"></script> </body> </html> and even the css file countdown.css *{ -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } div.info { display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 300px; height: auto; text-align: center; padding: 2px; margin: 10px auto; } div.info::after { content: ''; display: block; clear: both; } h1 { font-family: "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; } h2 { font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.0em; font-style: italic; font-weight: 300; } div#display_clock1 { display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 190px; height: auto; margin: 5px auto; background-color: pink; } div#display_clock1 figure.box { float: left; display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 40px; height: 70px; color: #fff; text-align: center; padding: 0; margin-left: 5px; } div#display_clock1 figure.box div { background-color: #2e2e2e; height: 50px; line-height: 50px; } div#display_clock1 figure.box figcaption { font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.6em; line-height: 20px; font-weight: bold; color: #000; } It's a simple countdown clock, but can be modify to enhance. I did check it out that it still runs properly. Fetching the clock can be modify to add even more countdown counters by the `id` in this example there is only 1.

Ever since AI I have seen tech forums like this one become very quiet which isn't surprising.

I didn't create a Model, but a trait though maybe it will give you some ideas? <?php // NavigationMenuTrait.php namespace clearwebconcepts; use function htmlspecialchars; use function hash_equals; trait NavigationMenuTrait { public function regular_navigation(): void { $navItems = [ 'Home' => 'index.php', 'About' => 'about.php', 'Puzzle' => 'puzzle.php', 'Portfolio' => 'portfolio.php', 'Contact' => 'contact.php' ]; // Check if the user is logged in $isLoggedIn = isset($_COOKIE['login_token']) && isset($_SESSION['login_token']) && hash_equals($_SESSION['login_token'], $_COOKIE['login_token']); if ($isLoggedIn) { unset($navItems['Home']); // Remove 'Home' from the navigation menu // Add 'Dashboard' to the start of the navigation menu $navItems = array('Dashboard' => 'dashboard.php') + $navItems; } else { $navItems['Login'] = 'login.php'; // Add 'Login' to the navigation menu } $navLinks = []; foreach ($navItems as $title => $path) { $href = $this->generateHref($path); $safeTitle = htmlspecialchars($title, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8'); $navLinks[] = "<a href=\"{$href}\">{$safeTitle}</a>"; } // Check if the user is logged in if ($isLoggedIn) { $navLinks[] = '<a href="logout.php">Logout</a>'; // Add 'Logout' to the end of the navigation menu } echo implode('', $navLinks); } public function showAdminNavigation(): void { $protocol = isset($_SERVER['HTTPS']) && $_SERVER['HTTPS'] !== 'off' ? 'https://' : 'http://'; $host = $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']; // Define your base path here $base_path = ($host === 'localhost:8888') ? '/clearwebconcepts' : ''; $base_url = $protocol . $host . $base_path; $adminItems = [ 'Create Entry' => $base_url . '/create_cms.php', 'Edit Entry' => $base_url . '/edit_cms.php', 'Add to Portfolio' => $base_url . '/new_portfolio.php', 'Edit Portfolio Page' => $base_url . '/edit_portfolio.php', 'Add Jigsaw' => $base_url . '/add_to_puzzle.php', 'Edit Jigsaw' => $base_url . '/edit_puzzle.php', 'Service Form' => $base_url . '/service_form.php' ]; echo '<div class="admin-navigation">'; foreach ($adminItems as $adminTitle => $adminPath) { $adminSafeTitle = htmlspecialchars($adminTitle, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8'); echo "<a href=\"{$adminPath}\">{$adminSafeTitle}</a>"; } echo '</div>'; } private function generateHref(string $path): string { $protocol = isset($_SERVER['HTTPS']) && $_SERVER['HTTPS'] !== 'off' ? 'https://' : 'http://'; $host = $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']; // Define your base path here $base_path = ($host === 'localhost:8888') ? '/clearwebconcepts' : ''; $base_url = $protocol . $host . $base_path; // Build the URL first, then validate it $url = $base_url . '/' . $path; $sanitized_url = filter_var($url, FILTER_SANITIZE_URL); $valid_url = filter_var($sanitized_url, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL); if ($valid_url === false) { die('Invalid URL'); } return $valid_url; } }

I create a simple error log for my own use and it comes in handy in debugging without the user knowing about it. I even created a simple error handler to sort the errors. class ErrorHandler implements ErrorHandlerInterface { public function handleException(Throwable $e): void { if ($e instanceof PDOException) { error_log('PDO Error: ' . $e->getMessage()); } elseif ($e instanceof JsonException) { error_log('JSON Error: ' . $e->getMessage()); } else { error_log('General Error: ' . $e->getMessage()); } } } and in my configuration file // Set the path for the error log file ini_set('error_log', __DIR__ . '/error_log/error_log_file.log'); this is the most import. part errors isn't seen by the public.

Here's my query -> $sql = 'SELECT * FROM '. $this->table . ' WHERE page =:page AND category =:category ORDER BY id DESC, date_added DESC LIMIT :perPage OFFSET :blogOffset'; it might help?

That sure seems like a strange way in doing pagination. In my opinion the data should be come from a database table and broken down to something like the following -> // Grab the current page the user is on if (isset($_GET['page']) && !empty($_GET['page'])) { $current_page = urldecode($_GET['page']); } else { $current_page = 1; } $per_page = 2; // Total number of records to be displayed: // Grab Total Pages $total_pages = $cms->total_pages($total_count, $per_page); /* Grab the offset (page) location from using the offset method */ /* $per_page * ($current_page - 1) */ $offset = $cms->offset($per_page, $current_page); // Figure out the Links that you want the display to look like $links = new Links($current_page, $per_page, $total_count, $category); // Finally grab the records that are actually going to be displayed on the page $records = $cms->page($per_page, $offset, 'cms', $category); that way all you have to do is format. the HTML using CSS -> <main class="main_container" itemprop="mainContentOfPage"> <?php foreach ($records as $record) { $imagePath = htmlspecialchars($record['image_path'], ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8'); $heading = htmlspecialchars($record['heading'], ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8'); $content = htmlspecialchars($record['content'], ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8'); echo '<div class="image-header">'; echo '<img src="' . $imagePath . '" title="' . $heading . '" alt="' . $heading . '">'; echo '</div>'; echo '<h1>' . $heading . '</h1>'; echo '<p>' . nl2br($content) . '</p>'; echo '<br><hr><br>'; } ?> </main> The above is just an example, but if you breakdown the HTML/Code in smaller sections it's easier to read & debug. There are a lot of good pagination tutorials online.

First get the PDO connection out of the function as that will cause you nothing but headaches. Here's an example of a generic PDO connection -> <?php $host = '127.0.0.1'; // or your database host $db = 'your_database_name'; $user = 'your_database_username'; $pass = 'your_database_password'; $charset = 'utf8mb4'; $dsn = "mysql:host=$host;dbname=$db;charset=$charset"; $options = [ PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION, PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE => PDO::FETCH_ASSOC, PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES => false, ]; try { $pdo = new PDO($dsn, $user, $pass, $options); // Use $pdo to perform database operations } catch (\PDOException $e) { throw new \PDOException($e->getMessage(), (int)$e->getCode()); } ?> I would put this in a configuration file maybe name it config.php file? My example would entail explaining OOP, so maybe someone else will do a better example for you. But here is how I do it -> $sql = "SELECT id, password FROM admins WHERE username =:username LIMIT 1"; $user = $this->retrieve_credentials($sql, $username); if ($user && password_verify($password, $user['password'])) { session_regenerate_id(); // prevent session fixation attacks $_SESSION['user_id'] = $user['id']; return true; } return false; and little more code protected function retrieve_credentials(string $sql, string $username): ?array { $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare($sql); $stmt->execute(['username' => $username]); $result = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); return $result !== false ? $result : null; }

Studying design patterns such as MVC (Model-View-Controller) and Active Record Design has enhanced my understanding of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). Although many prefer Model-View-Controller, I found Active Record Design more helpful in solidifying my grasp of OOP. One constant with OOP is that there's always something new to learn, and there's always someone with a deeper understanding of it. I believe that beginners often find the structure of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) challenging. Here's an example from some code on my website to illustrate this. -> // Display Record(s) by Pagination public function page($perPage, $offset, $page = "index", $category = "general"): array { $sql = 'SELECT * FROM '. $this->table . ' WHERE page =:page AND category =:category ORDER BY id ASC, date_added DESC LIMIT :perPage OFFSET :blogOffset'; $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare($sql); // Prepare the query: $stmt->execute(['page' => $page, 'perPage' => $perPage, 'category' => $category, 'blogOffset' => $offset]); // Execute the query with the supplied data: return $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); } Initially, I would mix up my code by writing `$sql` and `$this->sql`, which made things confusing for me. However, everyone has their unique journey in learning Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). By coding in this manner, I'm able to more clearly identify key OOP components, such as recognizing `$this->pdo` and understanding that `$stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)` is an example of object-oriented code.

My approach would be to divide the content into three files, although it's feasible to combine everything into a single file. Nonetheless, I'd still make an effort to keep the code and HTML distinct and separate as much as possible. Client's search page - example clients.php (form to search) JavaScript file - example clients.js PHP search results file - example client_results.php Here's an example of what I'm trying to express: My HTML form (edit_cms.php): <div class="search-form-container"> <form id="searchForm"> <div class="input-group"> <label for="heading">Heading:</label> <select class="select-css" id="heading" name="heading"> <option value="" disabled selected>Select Heading</option> <?php foreach ($records as $record) { echo '<option value="' . $record['heading'] . '">' . $record['heading'] . '</option>'; } ?> </select> </div> <div class="input-group"> <label for="searchTerm">Search Product Content:</label> <input type="text" placeholder="Search Content" id="searchTerm" class="input-field" autofocus required> </div> <button class="search_button" type="submit">Search</button> </form> </div> A little bit of my JavaScript code (edit_cms.js): async function displayRecord(searchTerm = null, selectedHeading = null) { const requestData = {}; if(searchTerm !== null) requestData.searchTerm = searchTerm; if(selectedHeading !== null) requestData.heading = selectedHeading; try { const response = await fetch("search_cms_records.php", { method: "POST", headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json", }, body: JSON.stringify(requestData), }); const data = await response.json(); console.log(data); // Add this line if (data.message) { resultInput.value = ''; resultInput.placeholder = data.message; } else if (data.error) { console.error(data.error); } else { const row = data[0]; console.log(row); idInput.value = row.id; image_for_edit_record.src = row.thumb_path; image_for_edit_record.alt = row.heading; category.value = row.category; category.textContent = `${row.category.charAt(0).toUpperCase()}${row.category.slice(1)}`; heading.value = row.heading; content.value = row.content; resizeTextarea(content); } } catch (error) { console.error("Error:", error); } } and my PHP file with a little bit of the code that gets the results (search_cms_records.php): // Get the request body and decode it as JSON. $request = json_decode(file_get_contents('php://input'), true); // Extract the search term and heading from the request, if they exist. $searchTerm = $request['searchTerm'] ?? null; $heading = $request['heading'] ?? null; // If a search term was provided, use a full-text search on the 'content' field. // Before this can work, you'll need to make sure your content column is indexed for full-text searching. // You can do this with the following SQL command: // Example: // ALTER TABLE cms ADD FULLTEXT(content); if($searchTerm !== null) { $sql = "SELECT * FROM cms WHERE MATCH(content) AGAINST(:searchTerm IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE) LIMIT 1"; $stmt = $pdo->prepare($sql); $stmt->bindValue(':searchTerm', $searchTerm); // If a heading was provided, search for exact matches on the 'heading' field. } else if($heading !== null) { $sql = "SELECT * FROM cms WHERE heading = :heading LIMIT 1"; $stmt = $pdo->prepare($sql); $stmt->bindValue(':heading', $heading); // If neither a search term nor a heading was provided, throw an exception. } else { throw new Exception("No valid search term or heading provided"); } // Execute the prepared statement. $stmt->execute(); // Fetch the results and handle them as needed. $results = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); // If results were found, return them to the client as JSON. if ($results) { echo json_encode($results); } else { echo json_encode(['message' => 'No results found.']); } My argument is that debugging becomes simpler when most of the code is organized and separated as much as possible within its respective programming language.

There's no `WHERE` in `INSERT INTO`

I personally find it better to have the configuration file outside the root directory require_once __DIR__ . '/../config/config.php'; // Goes one up from the root / directory