I'm pretty sure you're encountering https://github.com/mdbtools/mdbtools/issues/312.
Good news is that it was fixed, bad news is that it was fixed in mdbtools 1.0.1 and Ubuntu 24.04 currently only covers through 1.0.0.
There might be a third-party PPA out there that has an updated version, but I don't know where to look for one.
Or you could venture down the path of building it yourself, if you wanted: grab the Ubuntu sources, patch them according to this PR, and build.
Or for a workaround, I think you'll be safe as long as you're not SELECTing anything that requires 64-bits of data length - meaning a VARCHAR(16777215) is okay but a VARCHAR(16777216) is not.