I get that you're saving yourself some effort, but when you tell people "I asked a question somewhere else, go see what it was and try to answer" it's typically going to be taken as an insult.
But I'll answer anyway because it doesn't look very good.
According to what I'm seeing in the Docker Hub page, there is no simple upgrade path once the PHP version is no longer supported. Normal Docker practices would allow it, but this image isn't set up to follow normal Docker practices.
So you'll have to go into the container itself and update it manually - like if it was an actual computer running Alpine Linux and you needed to upgrade it. You can look around for instructions on how to do that.
Which means you should reconsider how this all works. For example, you could convert your existing installation to the "Static image" one that's described in the docs... though you'll have to reverse-engineer some of that process in order to preserve the details of your existing setup. But once that process is done and you've converted to a static deployment, future upgrades seem like they would be as simple as updating image versions in your docker-compose. (And you would then do all updates that way - not from within WP itself.)