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You seem to be really enjoying single quotes today. https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.string.php#language.types.string.syntax.single

As a general rule of thumb, if you have an error message that you don't understand and would like help understanding what's wrong, post the error message.

The amount of bytes used to encode characters, and as a result the total amount of characters that can be encoded. 10.10.1 Unicode Character Sets

Don't know the real difference, but if you want to use emojis then UTF8mb4 is the way to go -> "Database character encoding: Ensure that your database is using the utf8mb4 character set and the utf8mb4_unicode_ci collation. This character set supports storing emojis and other Unicode characters properly." Though you still use `<meta charset="UTF-8">` in the HTML and set the following if you're using PDO -> $dsn = "mysql:host=localhost;dbname=your_database_name;charset=utf8mb4"; $pdo = new PDO($dsn, $username, $password);